North Dakota Adoption Statute and Law
Revised Uniform Adoption Act
Title 14
Chapter 15
(This page was last updated on (10/10/13.)
14-15-01. Definitions. As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires:
1. "Abandon" means:
a. As to a parent of a child not in the custody of that parent, failure by the noncustodial parent significantly without justifiable cause to:
(1) Communicate with the child; or
(2) Provide for the care and support of the child as required by law.
b. As to a parent of a child in that parent's custody:
(1) To leave the child for an indefinite period without making firm and agreed plans, with the child's immediate caregiver, for the parent's resumption
of physical custody;
(2) Following the child's birth or treatment at a hospital, to fail to arrange for the child's discharge within ten days after the child no longer requires
hospital care; or
(3) To willfully fail to furnish food, shelter, clothing, or medical attention
reasonably sufficient to meet the child's needs.
2. "Adult" means an individual who is not a minor.
3. "Agency" means an entity licensed under chapter 50-12 to place minors for adoption.
4. "Child" means a son or daughter, whether by birth or adoption.
5. "Court" means the district court of this state, and when the context requires means the court of any other state empowered to grant petitions
for adoption.
6. "Department" means the department of human services.
7. "Genetic parent" means the biological mother or adjudicated mother of the adopted child, or the presumed father or adjudicated father of the
adopted child under chapter 14-17.
8. "Genetic sibling" means individuals with genetic relationship of sister, brother, half-sister, or half-brother.
9. "Identifying" includes full name, address, date of birth, telephone number, or anything that may lead to the identity of any previously undisclosed
individual.
10. "Investigation" includes information obtained regarding the child's history, a preplacement adoption assessment of the prospective adoptive
family, and an evaluation of the child's placement in the adoptive home.
11. "Minor" means an individual under the age of eighteen years.
12. "Nonidentifying adoptive information" means:
a. Age of genetic parent in years at the birth of the adopted child.
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b. Heritage of genetic parent.
c. Educational attainments, including the number of years of school completed by genetic parent at the time of birth of the adopted child.
d. General physical appearance of genetic parent at the time of birth of the adopted child, including the height, weight, color of hair, eyes, skin, and
other information of a similar nature.
e. Talents, hobbies, and special interests of genetic parents.
f. Existence of any other children born to either genetic parent.
g. Reasons for child being placed for adoption or for termination of parental right.
h. Religion of genetic parent.
i. Vocation of genetic parent in general terms.
j. Health history of genetic parents and blood relatives in a manner prescribed by the department.
k. Such further information which, in the judgment of the agency, will not be detrimental to the adoptive parent or the adopted individual requesting the
information, but the additional information may not identify genetic parents by name or location.
13. "Relative" means any individual having the following relationship to the minor by marriage, blood, or adoption: brother, sister, stepbrother,
stepsister, uncle, aunt, or grandparent.
14. "Stepparent" means an individual who is married to a parent of a child who has not adopted the child.
14-15-02. Who may be adopted. Any individual may be adopted.
14-15-03. Who may adopt. The following individuals may adopt:
1. A husband and wife together although one or both are minors.
2. An unmarried adult.
3. The unmarried father or mother of the individual to be adopted.
4. A married individual without the other spouse joining as a petitioner, if the individual to be adopted is not the adopting person's spouse, and if:
a. The petitioner is a stepparent of the individual to be adopted and the biological
or legal parent of the individual to be adopted consents;
b. The petitioner and the other spouse are legally separated; or
c. The failure of the other spouse to join in the petition or to consent to the adoption is excused by the court by reason of prolonged unexplained absence,
unavailability, incapacity, or circumstances constituting an unreasonable
withholding of consent.
14-15-04. Venue - Inconvenient forum - Caption.
1. Proceedings for adoption must be brought in the court for the place in which, at the time of filing or granting the petition, the petitioner, or the
individual to be adopted resides or is in military service or in which the agency having the care, custody, or control of the minor is located.
2. If the court finds in the interest of substantial justice that the matter should be heard in another forum, the court may transfer, stay, or dismiss
the proceeding in whole or in part on any conditions that are just.
3. The caption of a petition for adoption must be styled substantially "In the Matter of the Adoption of ___________". The individual to be adopted
must be designated in the caption under the name by which that individual is to be known if the petition is granted. If the child is placed for adoption
by an agency, any name by which the child was previously known may not be disclosed in the petition, the notice of hearing, or in the decree of adoption.
14-15-05. Persons required to consent to adoption.
1. Unless consent is not required under section 14-15-06, a petition to adopt a minor may be granted only if written consent to a particular adoption has
been executed by:
a. The mother of the minor whether by birth or adoption;
b. The father of the minor, if:
(1) The minor is the father's child by adoption, or the father has otherwise legitimated the minor according to the laws of the place in which the adoption
proceeding is brought; or
(2) The person is presumed to be the biological father of the minor under
subsection 1 of section 14-20-10, provided the nonexistence of the father
and child relationship between them has not been judicially determined;
c. Any individual lawfully entitled to custody of the minor or empowered to
consent;
d. The court having jurisdiction to determine custody of the minor, if the legal
guardian or custodian of the minor is not empowered to consent to the
adoption;
e. The minor, if more than ten years of age, unless the court in the best interest of
the minor dispenses with the minor's consent; and
f. The spouse of the minor to be adopted.
2. A petition to adopt an adult may be granted only if written consent to adoption has
been executed by the adult and the adult's spouse.
14-15-06. Individuals as to whom consent not required - Notice of hearing.
1. Consent to adoption is not required of:
a. A parent who has deserted a child without affording means of identification or
who has abandoned a child.
b. A parent of a child in the custody of another, if the parent for a period of at least one year has failed significantly without justifiable cause:
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(1) To communicate with the child; or
(2) To provide for the care and support of the child as required by law or judicial decree.
c. The father of a minor if the father's consent is not required by subdivision b of subsection 1 of section 14-15-05.
d. A parent who has relinquished that parent's right to consent under section 14-15-19.
e. A parent whose parental rights have been terminated by order of court under section 14-15-19.
f. A parent judicially declared incompetent or mentally defective if the court dispenses with the parent's consent.
g. Any parent of the individual to be adopted, if the individual is an adult.
h. Any legal guardian or lawful custodian of the individual to be adopted, other than a parent, who has failed to respond in writing to a request for consent
for a period of sixty days or who, after examination of the guardian's or custodian's written reasons for withholding consent, is found by the court to
be withholding consent unreasonably.
i. The spouse of the individual to be adopted, if the failure of the spouse to consent to the adoption is excused by the court by reason of prolonged unexplained
absence, unavailability, incapacity, or circumstances constituting an unreasonable withholding of consent.
j. A parent of the minor, if the failure of the parent to consent is excused by the court in the best interest of the child by reason of the parent's prolonged
unexplained absence, unavailability, incapacity, or significant failure, without justifiable cause, to establish a substantial relationship with the minor
or to manifest a significant parental interest in the minor, or by reason of inability of the court to identify the parent.
2. Except as provided in section 14-15-11, notice of hearing on a petition for adoption need not be given to an individual whose consent is not required
or to an individual whose consent or relinquishment has been filed with the petition.
14-15-07. How consent is executed. The required consent to adoption
must be executed at any time after the birth of the child and in the manner following:
1. If by the individual to be adopted, in the presence of the court.
2. If by an agency, by the executive head or other authorized representative, in the presence of an individual authorized to take acknowledgments.
3. If by any other individual, in the presence of the court or in the presence of an individual authorized to take acknowledgments.
4. If by a court, by appropriate order or certificate.
14-15-08. Withdrawal of consent.
1. A consent to adoption cannot be withdrawn after the entry of a decree of adoption.
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2. A consent to adoption may be withdrawn before the entry of a decree of adoption if the court finds, after notice and opportunity to be heard is afforded
to petitioner, the individual seeking the withdrawal, and the agency placing a child for adoption, that the withdrawal is in the best interest of the individual
to be adopted and the court orders the withdrawal.
14-15-09. Petition for adoption.
1. A petition for adoption must be signed and verified by the petitioner, filed with the clerk of the court, and state:
a. The date and place of birth of the individual to be adopted, if known.
b. The name to be used for the individual to be adopted.
c. The date petitioner acquired custody or date of placement of the minor and the name of the individual placing the minor.
d. The full name, age, place, and duration of residence of the petitioner.
e. The marital status of the petitioner, including the date and place of marriage, if married.
f. That the petitioner has facilities and resources, including those available under a subsidy agreement, suitable to provide for the nurture and care of
the minor to be adopted, and that it is the desire of the petitioner to establish the relationship of parent and child with the individual to be adopted.
g. A description and estimate of value of any property of the individual to be adopted.
h. The name of any individual whose consent to the adoption is required, but who has not consented, and facts or circumstances which excuse the lack of
the individual's consent normally required to the adoption.
i. The department or a county social service board as respondent.
j. That the petitioner's expenses were reasonable as verified by the court.
Reasonable fees may be charged for professional services and living expenses
if reflected in a report of agreements and disbursements filed under this chapter
and approved by the court. The fees may not be contingent upon placement of
the child for adoption, consent to adoption, or cooperation in the completion of
adoption. Reasonable fees may include:
(1) Preplacement counseling, adoption assessment, placement of the child,
foster care, or other preadoption services, which must be paid directly to the provider of the services;
(2) Legal fees relating to the petition for relinquishment or adoption, that must be paid directly to the provider of the services;
(3) Medical expenses relating to prenatal care and the birth of the child, that are not already covered by health insurance;
(4) Expenses for transportation, meals, and lodging incurred for placement of the child or in order to receive counseling, legal, or medical services related
to the pregnancy, birth, or placement; and Page No. 5
(5) Living expenses of the birth mother which are needed to maintain an
adequate standard of living, which the birth mother is unable to otherwise maintain because of loss of income or other support resulting from the pregnancy.
(a) The payments may cover expenses incurred during the pregnancy-related incapacity but not for a period longer than six weeks following the delivery,
unless the court determines within the six-week period that the birth mother is unable to be employed due to physical limitations relating to the birth
of the child.
(b) Living expenses do not include expenses for lost wages, gifts, educational expenses, vacations, or other similar expenses of a birth mother.
2. A certified copy of the birth certificate or verification of birth record of the individual to be adopted, if available, and the required consents and
relinquishments must be filed with the clerk.
3. Any individual filing a petition shall pay to the clerk of court a filing fee as prescribed in subsection 1 of section 27-05.2-03.
14-15-10. Report of petitioner's expenditures.
1. Except as specified in subsection 2, the petitioner in any proceeding for the adoption of a minor shall file, before the petition is heard, a full accounting
report in a manner acceptable to the court of all disbursements of anything of value made or agreed to be made by or on behalf of the petitioner in connection
with the adoption. Fees may not be contingent upon placement of the child for adoption, consent to adoption, or cooperation in the completion of adoption.
The report must show any expenses incurred in connection with:
a. Preplacement counseling, adoption assessment, placement of the child, foster care, or other preadoption services, that must be paid directly to the provider
of the services;
b. Legal fees relating to the petition for relinquishment or adoption, that must be paid directly to the provider of the services;
c. Medical expenses relating to prenatal care and the birth of the child, that are
not already covered by health insurance;
d. Expenses for transportation, meals, and lodging incurred for placement of the
child or in order to receive counseling, legal, or medical services related to the
pregnancy, birth, or placement; and
e. Living expenses of the birth mother which are needed to maintain an adequate
standard of living, which the birth mother is unable to otherwise maintain
because of loss of income or other support resulting from the pregnancy.
(1) Payments may cover expenses incurred during the pregnancy-related
incapacity but not for a period longer than six weeks following the
delivery, unless the court determines within the six-week period that the
birth mother is unable to be employed due to physical limitations relating to the birth of the child.
(2) Living expenses do not include expenses for lost wages, gifts, educational expenses, vacations, or other similar expenses of a birth mother.
2. This section does not apply to an adoption by a stepparent whose spouse is a biological or adoptive parent of the child.
3. Any report made under this section must be signed and verified by the petitioner.
14-15-11. Notice of petition - Investigation and hearing.
1. a. After the filing of a petition to adopt a minor, the court shall fix a time and place for hearing the petition. At least twenty days before the date
of hearing, notice of the filing of the petition and of the time and place of hearing must be given by the petitioner to the department; any agency or individual
whose consent to the adoption is required by this chapter but who has not consented; an individual whose consent is dispensed with upon any ground mentioned
in subdivisions a, b, f, h, i, and j of subsection 1 of section 14-15-06 but who has not consented;
and any individual identified by the court as a biological parent or a possible biological parent of the minor, upon making inquiry to the extent necessary
and appropriate, as in proceedings under section 27-20-45, unless the individual has relinquished parental rights or the individual's parental rights have
been previously terminated by a court. The notice to the department must be accompanied by a copy of the petition.
b. Notice of the filing of a petition to adopt an adult must be given by the petitioner at least twenty days before the date of the hearing to each living
parent of the adult to be adopted.
2. An investigation must be made by a licensed child-placing agency to inquire into the conditions and antecedents of a minor sought to be adopted and of
the petitioner for the purpose of ascertaining whether the adoptive home is a suitable home for the minor and whether the proposed adoption is in the best
interest of the minor.
3. A written report of the investigation must be filed with the court by the investigator before the petition is heard.
4. The report of the investigation must contain a review of the child's history; a preplacement adoption assessment of the petitioner, including a criminal
history record investigation of the petitioner; and a postplacement evaluation of the placement with a recommendation as to the granting of the petition
for adoption and any other information the court requires regarding the petitioner or the minor.
5. An investigation and report is not required in cases in which a stepparent is the petitioner or the individual to be adopted is an adult. The department,
when required to consent to the adoption, may give consent without making the investigation. If the petitioner is a relative other than a stepparent of
the minor, the minor has lived with the petitioner for at least nine months, no allegations of abuse or neglect have been filed against the petitioner or
any member of the petitioner's household, and the court is satisfied that the proposed adoptive home is appropriate for the minor, the court may waive the
investigation and report required under this section.
6. The department, when required to consent to the adoption, may request the licensed child-placing agency to conduct further investigation and to make
a written report thereof as a supplemental report to the court.
7. After the filing of a petition to adopt an adult, the court by order shall direct that a copy of the petition and a notice of the time and place of the
hearing be given to any individual whose consent to the adoption is required but who has not consented and to each living parent of the adult to be adopted.
The court may order an appropriate investigation to assist it in determining whether the adoption is in the best interest of
the individuals involved.
8. Notice must be given in the manner appropriate under rules of civil procedure for the service of process in a civil action in this state or in any manner
the court by order directs. Proof of the giving of the notice must be filed with the court before the petition is heard.
14-15-12. Required residence of minor. A final decree of adoption may not be issued and an interlocutory decree of adoption does not become final, until
the minor to be adopted, other than a stepchild of the petitioner, has lived in the adoptive home:
1. A final decree of adoption may not be issued and an interlocutory decree of adoption
does not become final, until the minor to be adopted, other than a stepchild of the
petitioner, has lived in the adoptive home:
a. For at least six months after placement by an agency;
b. For six months after placement by a parent in accordance with an identified
relinquishment under chapter 14-15.1;
c. As a foster child for at least six months and has been placed for adoption by an
agency; or
d. For at least six months after the department or the court has been informed of the
custody of the minor by the petitioner, and the department or court has had an
opportunity to observe or investigate the adoptive home.
2. If a child who has been placed for adoption dies before the six-month residency
requirement of subsection 1 is met, the court may grant the final decree of adoption
upon a finding that a proper and legitimate reason exists for granting the final decree.
14-15-12.1. Health insurance requirements for adoptees. The department or child-placing agency involved in an adoption action may at any time before a final
decree of adoption, if legal custody of the individual to be adopted is not held by the department, a child-placing agency, or an equivalent office or agency
outside the state, require the petitioner for the adoption of another individual to show proof that a health insurance policy is in effect which provides
coverage for the individual to be adopted. If proof of health insurance coverage is submitted by the petitioner, no further bond of any kind may be required
by the department or a county social service board in regard to health coverage of the individual to be adopted.
14-15-13. Appearance - Continuance - Disposition of petition.
1. The petitioner and the individual to be adopted shall appear at the hearing on the petition, unless the presence of either is excused by the court for
good cause shown.
2. The court may continue the hearing from time to time to permit further observation, investigation, or consideration of any facts or circumstances affecting
the granting of the petition.
3. If at the conclusion of the hearing, the court determines that the required consents have been obtained and that the adoption is in the best interest
of the individual to be adopted, the court may:
a. Issue a final decree of adoption; or
b. Issue an interlocutory decree of adoption which by its own terms automatically becomes a final decree of adoption on a day specified in the decree, that
day may not be less than six months nor more than one year after the minor was placed in the adoptive home by an agency or after the department or court
was informed of the custody of the minor by the petitioner, unless sooner vacated by the court for good cause shown. In an interlocutory decree of adoption,
the court shall provide for observation, investigation, and further report on the adoptive home during the interlocutory period.
4. The court shall make a finding as to the reasonableness of expenses reported under section 14-15-10.
5. If the requirements for a decree under subsection 3 have not been met, the court shall dismiss the petition and determine the individual to have custody
of the minor, including the petitioners if in the best interest of the minor.
14-15-14. Effect of petition and decree of adoption.
1. A final decree of adoption and an interlocutory decree of adoption which has become final, whether issued by a court of this state or of any other place,
have the following effect as to matters within the jurisdiction or before a court of this state:
a. Except with respect to a spouse of the petitioner and relatives of the spouse, to relieve the biological parents of the adopted individual of all parental
rights and responsibilities, and to terminate all legal relationships between the adopted individual and the individual's relatives, including the individual's
biological parents, so that the adopted individual thereafter is a stranger to the individual's former relatives for all purposes, including inheritance
and the interpretation or construction of documents, statutes, and instruments, whether executed before or after the adoption is decreed, that do not expressly
include the individual by name or by some designation not based on a parent and child or blood relationship; and
b. To create the relationship of parent and child between petitioner and the adopted individual, as if the adopted individual were a legitimate blood descendant
of the petitioner, for all purposes, including inheritance and applicability of statutes, documents, and instruments, whether executed before or after the
adoption is decreed, which do not expressly exclude an adopted individual from their operation or effect.
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection 1, if a parent of a child dies without the relationship of parent and child having been previously terminated
and a spouse of the living parent thereafter adopts the child, the child's right of inheritance from or through the deceased parent is unaffected by the
adoption.
3. An interlocutory decree of adoption, while it is in force, has the same legal effect as a final decree of adoption. If an interlocutory decree of adoption
is vacated, it must be as though void from its issuance, and the rights, liabilities, and status of all affected individuals which have not become vested
must be governed accordingly.
14-15-15. Appeal and validation of adoption decree.
1. An appeal from any final order or decree rendered under this chapter may be taken in the manner and time provided for appeal from a judgment in a civil
action.
2. Subject to the disposition of an appeal, upon the expiration of one year after an adoption decree is issued the decree cannot be questioned by any individual,
including the petitioner, in any manner upon any ground, including fraud, misrepresentation, failure to give any required notice, or lack of jurisdiction
of the parties or of the subject matter, unless, in the case of the adoption of a minor the petitioner has not taken custody of the minor.
14-15-16. Hearings and records in adoption proceedings - Confidential nature - Disclosure of identifying and nonidentifying information - Retroactive operation.
1. The provisions of this section supersede any other law regarding public hearings and records.
2. For purposes of this section:
a. "Genetic parent" includes a man presumed or adjudicated to be the adopted individual's father under chapter 14-17 and an alleged father when
so indicated in the files of the child-placing agency or the department, but only if there exists in those files information that corroborates the allegation
of paternity, including the existence of communications between the alleged father and the child-placing agency, or between the alleged father and the genetic
mother or members of her family, or such other corroborative information as may be permitted by rules adopted by the department.
b. "Notify" means to make a personal and confidential contact with the individual to whom a disclosure of identifying information has been requested.
The personal and confidential contact must be made by an employee or agent of the child-placing agency that processed the adoption or by some other licensed
child-placing agency designated by the individual initiating the search.
3. All hearings held in actions under this chapter must be held in closed court without admittance of any individual other than essential officers of the
court, the parties, their witnesses, counsel, individuals who have not previously consented to the adoption but are required to consent, the parents of
an adult to be adopted, and representatives of the agencies present to perform their official duties. Upon a showing of good cause by the petitioner, the
court may prohibit the parents of an
adult to be adopted from attending the adoption hearings and proceedings. A parent of an adult to be adopted who is prohibited by the court from attending
the proceedings may submit relevant testimony or information regarding the petition to the court in writing.
4. All papers; records; and identifying and nonidentifying information relating to an adopted individual, birth siblings, birth parents, or adoptive parents,
whether part of the permanent record of the court or of a file in the department or in an agency are
confidential and may be disclosed only in accordance with this section. Papers,
records, and information directly pertaining to the adoption must be kept
permanently by the department and agency.
5. Nonidentifying information, if known, concerning undisclosed genetic parents must be furnished at a reasonable fee to:
a. The adoptive parents at the time of adoptive placement or upon their written request;
b. An adopted adult upon written request; or
c. A birth parent upon written request.
6. The clerk of the appropriate district court, upon request and payment of the proper fee, shall furnish a certified copy of the decree of adoption to
the adoptive parents, the guardian of an adopted minor child, or an adopted adult, provided the decree does not disclose the identity of the genetic parents
or the name of the adopted individual before the adoption action.
7. Before the child reaches adulthood, at the discretion of the child-placing agency, with due regard for confidentiality exchanges of identifying or nonidentifying
information may take place between the genetic parents, adoptive parents, and adopted child.
a. Disclosure of a party's identifying information may not occur unless the party consents to disclosure.
b. If one parent objects, the identifying information disclosed by the agency may only relate to the consenting parent or parents.
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8. An adopted individual who is eighteen years of age or older may request the department to initiate the disclosure of information identifying the adopted
individual's genetic parents or to initiate the disclosure of nonidentifying information not on file with the department or a child-placing agency.
9. An adopted individual who is eighteen years of age or older may request the department to initiate the disclosure of information identifying the adopted
individual's adult genetic sibling.
10. A genetic parent of an adopted individual, after that individual has reached twenty-one years of age, may request the department to initiate the disclosure
of information identifying that individual or to initiate the disclosure of nonidentifying information not on file with the department or a child-placing
agency.
11. An adult genetic sibling of an adopted individual, after that individual has reached twenty-one years of age, may request the department to initiate
disclosure of information identifying that individual.
12. An adult child of a deceased adopted individual may request the department to initiate the disclosure of information identifying the adopted individual's
genetic parents or to initiate the disclosure of nonidentifying information not on file with the department or child-placing agency.
13. An adult child of an adopted individual who is still living may not request the department to initiate disclosure of information identifying the adopted
individual's genetic parents or to initiate the disclosure of nonidentifying information not on file with the department or child-placing agency.
14. The department shall, within five working days of receipt of a request under subsection 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, notify in writing a child-placing agency
having access to the requested information. If the department's records do not identify any child-placing agency having access to the requested information,
the department, within five working days after receipt of the request, shall so notify the requester in
writing. The requester may designate a child-placing agency from a list of such agencies furnished by the department, ask the department to designate an
agency, or terminate the request.
15. Within ninety days after receiving notice of a request made under subsection 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, the child-placing agency shall make complete and
reasonable efforts to notify the individual or individuals with respect to which a disclosure of identifying information has been requested. The child-placing
agency must certify the results of its efforts to the department within one hundred twenty days after receipt of the request. The child-placing agency may
charge a reasonable fee to the requester for the cost of making a search pursuant to the request. All communications under this subsection are confidential.
If the search is not completed within ninety days, additional time may be requested. Approval of this request must be given by the individual requesting
the search.
16. The personal and confidential contact must be evidenced by an affidavit of notification executed by the individual who notified each genetic parent,
adopted individual, or genetic sibling and certifying that each genetic parent, adopted individual, or genetic sibling contacted was given the following
information:
a. The nature of the identifying information to which the agency has access.
b. The nature of any nonidentifying information requested.
c. The date of the request of the adopted individual, genetic parent, or genetic sibling.
d. The right of the genetic parent, adopted individual, or genetic sibling to file, authorize disclosure or refuse to authorize disclosure.
e. The effect of a failure of the genetic parent, adopted individual, or genetic sibling to either authorize disclosure or refuse to authorize disclosure.
17. An adopted individual, genetic parent, or genetic sibling, with respect to whom a disclosure of identifying information has been requested, may authorize
disclosure, refuse to authorize disclosure, or take no action. If no action is taken in response to a request, the child-placing agency must treat that
as a refusal to authorize disclosure, except that it does not preclude disclosure after the individual's death.
18. If the child-placing agency has been able to locate only one genetic parent who authorizes disclosure and the other genetic parent cannot be located,
the identifying information must be disclosed to the adopted individual. The information disclosed by the agency may relate only to the consenting parent.
19. If the child-placing agency has located both genetic parents and only one genetic parent authorizes disclosure, the child-placing agency may not
disclose identifying information regarding the consenting parties unless there is a court order authorizing the disclosure. Upon application to the court
by the child-placing agency, the court shall issue an order authorizing disclosure of information identifying the consenting
parties. The order must include any conditions the court determines sufficient to reasonably ensure the continued nondisclosure of information identifying
the objecting genetic parent. Conditions placed on the disclosure may include a sworn statement by the consenting genetic parent to refrain from disclosing
to the adopted individual any information identifying the objecting genetic parent.
20. The certification of the child-placing agency to the department must include:
a. A statement of whether it has been able to notify the individual about whom a disclosure of identifying information was requested and whether a notification
was precluded by the death of the individual.
b. If a genetic sibling was to be notified at the request of an adopted individual, or if an adopted individual was to be notified at the request of a genetic
sibling, a statement of whether either individual knows the identity of any mutual genetic parent.
c. Assurances that:
(1) No disclosure of identifying information has been made with respect to
any adopted individual, genetic parent, or genetic sibling who has not
authorized the disclosure in writing unless the child-placing agency has
verified that the individual has died leaving no unrevoked written refusal
to authorize disclosure.
(2) Any disclosure of identifying information that might lawfully be made
under this section was made within ten days after the date of receipt of
written authorization or the date on which the agency verified that the
individual had died.
d. Copies of any written authorization of disclosure or refusal to authorize disclosure.
e. A statement that the individual about whom disclosure of identifying information was requested has neither authorized nor refused to authorize disclosure
at the time of the certification.
f. The date of each notification.
g. A copy of each affidavit of notification.
21. The child-placing agency, acting on the request of an adopted individual to disclose identifying information about a genetic sibling, or acting on the
request of a genetic sibling to disclose identifying information about an adopted individual, must determine if either individual knows the identity of
a living mutual genetic parent. If either individual knows the identity of a living mutual genetic parent, no disclosure may be made unless that parent
is first notified, in the manner provided for in subsection 13. The identifying information released may only relate to the consenting parties.
22. Upon application to the department by an adult adopted individual or the parent or guardian of a minor adopted child, the department may investigate
or cause to be investigated facts necessary to determine the adopted individual's eligibility for enrollment as a member of an Indian tribe.
a. The department may inquire of any individual or agency, including a licensed child-placing agency in North Dakota, to assist in the investigation.
b. All identifying information obtained by the department shall remain confidential.
c. The bureau of Indian affairs or an Indian tribe may be provided sufficient information obtained from the investigation to determine the eligibility of
the adopted individual for enrollment in an Indian tribe. Before the department's release of information to the bureau of Indian affairs or an Indian tribe,
the department shall request written assurance from the bureau of Indian affairs or an Indian tribe that the information provided will remain confidential
and will not be furnished to any unauthorized individual or agency.
d. The procedure used in contacting the genetic parents of the adopted child must be a personal and confidential contact. Any necessary contact must be
made by an employee or agent of a licensed child-placing agency or the department.
The information requested of the genetic parents must be limited to that
information necessary to make a determination of the adopted individual's
eligibility for enrollment in an Indian tribe.
e. The department or agency may charge a reasonable fee.
23. An individual may not be required to disclose the name or identity of either an adoptive parent or an adopted individual except:
a. In accordance with this section;
b. As authorized in writing by the adoptive parent or the adopted individual; or
c. Upon order of the court entered in a proceeding brought under subsection 24.
24. An adopted individual, a genetic parent, a genetic sibling, or a guardian of any of those individuals may petition the district court for an order directing
the disclosure of identifying information.
a. The petitioner shall state that efforts to secure the requested disclosure have been made under this section or are forbidden under this section, that
the petitioner has a significant need for the disclosure, and the nature of that need.
b. The petition shall name the department and any child-placing agency that has received a request under subsection 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 as respondents.
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c. The respondents must furnish, to the court, for in camera review, copies of
such records as the respondents may possess that contain requested
identifying information.
d. The court may determine if individuals about whom the disclosure of identifying information is requested must be furnished notice of the proceeding and
may require that the respondents give notice to those individuals. If those persons participate in the proceeding they must be permitted to do so in a manner,
to be determined by the court, which avoids disclosure of identifying information
except when disclosure is ordered by the court.
e. The court may order disclosure only if the petitioner demonstrates that disclosure will not result in any substantial harm to the individual about whom
identifying information is sought. The court may not order the disclosure of identifying information concerning any individual who objects to that disclosure.
25. The provisions of this section governing the release of identifying and nonidentifying adoptive information apply to adoptions completed before and
after July 1, 1979.
26. Any child-placing agency discharging in good faith its responsibilities under this section is immune from any liability, civil or criminal, that otherwise
might result.
27. The department shall make such reasonable rules as are necessary to carry out the purposes of this section.
14-15-17. Recognition of foreign decree affecting adoption.
1. A decree of court terminating the relationship of parent and child or establishing the
relationship by adoption issued pursuant to due process of law by a court of any other
jurisdiction within or outside of the United States must be recognized in this state and
the rights and obligations of the parties as to matters within the jurisdiction of this state
must be determined as though the decree were issued by a court of this state.
2. a. To obtain a validation of a foreign decree of adoption, the adoptive parent shall
provide to the court a petition for validation of foreign adoption, an admission
stamp in the adopted individual's passport which indicates that the individual was admitted to the United States with an IH-3 or IR-3 visa, the individual's foreign
birth certificate and English translation, the individual's foreign adoption decree
and English translation, and a signed affidavit from the agency which states that
the foreign adoption is valid and which states the name by which the individual is
to be known. The petition for validation of foreign adoption must be signed and
verified by the petitioner, filed with the clerk of the court, and state:
(1) The date and place of birth of the individual to be adopted, if known;
(2) The name to be used for the individual whose foreign adoption decree is
being petitioned for validation;
(3) The date the petitioner acquired custody or the date of placement of the
individual and the name of the foreign country's placing agency;
(4) The full name, age, place, and duration of residence of the petitioner; and
(5) The marital status of the petitioner, including the date and place of marriage,
if married.
b. Upon a finding that the requirements of subdivision a have been met, the court
shall issue a decree of validation of foreign adoption. The clerk of court shall
forward a copy of the decree of validation of foreign adoption to the registrar of
vital statistics for the issuance of a birth record in accordance with section
14-15-18.
14-15-18. Application for new birth record. Within thirty days after an adoption decree becomes final, the clerk of the court shall prepare an application
for a birth record in the new name of the adopted individual and forward the application to the appropriate vital statistics office of the place, if known,
where the adopted individual was born and forward a copy of the decree to the department of this state for statistical purposes. In the case of the adoption
of an individual born outside of the United States, the court may make findings, based on evidence from the petitioner and other reliable state or federal
sources, on the date and place of birth and parentage of the adopted individual. These findings must be certified by the court and included with the report
of adoption filed with the state registrar of vital statistics pursuant to section 23-02.1-17.
14-15-19. Relinquishment and termination of parent and child relationship.
1. The rights of a parent with reference to a child, including parental right to control the child or to withhold consent to an adoption, may be relinquished
and the relationship
of parent and child terminated in or before an adoption action as provided in this section.
2. All rights of a parent with reference to a child, including the right to receive notice of a hearing on a petition for adoption, may be relinquished
and the relationship of parent and child terminated by a writing, signed by the parent, regardless of the age of the parent:
a. In the presence of a representative of an agency taking custody of the child, whether the agency is within or outside of the state or in the presence
and with the approval of a judge of a court of record within or outside this state in which the minor was present or in which the parent resided at the
time it was signed;
or
b. In any other situation if the petitioner has had custody of the minor for two years, but only if notice of the adoption proceeding has been given to
the parent and the court finds, after considering the circumstances of the relinquishment and the long continued custody by the petitioner, that the best
interest of the child requires the granting of the adoption.
3. In addition to any other action or proceeding provided by law, the relationship of parent and child may be terminated by a court order issued in connection
with an adoption action under this chapter on any ground provided by other law for termination of the relationship, and in any event on the ground:
a. That the minor has been abandoned by the parent;
b. That by reason of the misconduct, faults, or habits of the parent or the repeated and continuous neglect or refusal of the parent, the minor is without
proper parental care and control, or subsistence, education, or other care or control necessary for the minor's physical, mental, or emotional health or
morals, or, by reason of physical or mental incapacity the parent is unable to provide necessary parental care for the minor, and the court finds that the
conditions and causes of the behavior, neglect, or incapacity are irremediable or will not be remedied by the parent, and that by reason thereof the minor
is suffering or probably will suffer serious physical, mental, moral, or emotional harm; or
c. That in the case of a parent not having custody of a minor, the noncustodial parent's consent is being unreasonably withheld contrary to the best interest
of the minor.
4. For the purpose of proceeding under this chapter, a decree terminating all rights of a parent with reference to a child or the relationship of parent
and child issued by a court of competent jurisdiction in this or any other state dispenses with the consent to adoption proceedings of a parent whose rights
or parent and child relationship are terminated by the decree and with any required notice of an adoption action other than as provided in this section.
5. A petition for termination of the relationship of parent and child made in connection with an adoption action may be made by:
a. Either parent if termination of the relationship is sought with respect to the other parent;
b. The petitioner for adoption, the guardian of the individual, the legal custodian of the child, or the individual standing in parental relationship to
the child;
c. An agency; or
d. Any other individual having a legitimate interest in the matter.
6. Before the petition is heard, notice of the hearing on the petition and opportunity to be heard must be given the parents of the child, the guardian
of the child, the person having legal custody of the child, any proposed custodian of the child, and, in the discretion of the court, a person appointed
to represent any party.
7. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection 2, a relinquishment of parental rights with respect to a child, executed under this section, may be withdrawn
by the parent, and a decree of a court terminating the parent and child relationship under this section may be vacated by the court upon motion of the parent,
if the child is not on placement for adoption and the person having custody of the child consents in writing to the withdrawal or vacation of the decree.
14-15-19.1. Right to counsel. A parent who consents to the adoption of a minor, under section 14-15-05, is entitled to legal counsel during all stages of
a proceeding to terminate the parent and child relationship under section 14-15-19 if the minor is to be placed for adoption by a
child-placing agency licensed under chapter 50-12. The parent may retain counsel of the parent's own choosing and at the parent's own expense, or, if indigent,
the parent may request the court to order, upon which the court shall order, that a state's attorney serve as legal counsel
to the parent at no cost to the parent. As an alternative to the state's attorney serving as legal counsel to the parent, the state's attorney may request
the court to order, upon which the court may order, if a conflict is shown to exist, that other legal counsel services that may be available
be provided to the parent at no cost to the parent. These alternative legal counsel services include counsel services for indigent persons. Prior to the
termination proceeding held under section 14-15-19, the court or a person designated by the court shall inform the parent of the
right to counsel provided by this section.
14-15-20. Adoption and legitimating by conduct. Notwithstanding the other provisions of this chapter, the biological father of an illegitimate minor adopts
and legitimates a minor by publicly acknowledging the minor as that man's child, receiving the minor into that man's home, with the consent of that man's
wife, if that man is married, and otherwise treating the minor as if the minor were legitimate. Thereafter, the minor is deemed the legitimate child of
the father for all purposes from the time of birth of the minor, the same as if the adoption had
been finally decreed pursuant to this chapter.
14-15-21. Application and construction. This chapter must be so applied and construed as to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with
respect to the subject of this chapter among those states which enact it.
14-15-22. Short title. This chapter may be cited as the Revised Uniform Adoption Act.
14-15-23. Effect on pending proceedings. Any adoption or termination proceeding pending on the effective date of this chapter is not affected thereby.
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